Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), known as the Kalpavriksha or tree of life in Rajasthan, has been a cornerstone of the desert ecosystem for centuries. It provides nutrition, livelihoods, and environmental stability to the region's people.

The tree covers two-thirds of Rajasthan's geographical area and thrives in extreme conditions. Its deep roots tap into underground water reserves, making it a vital lifeline in a region with minimal rainfall. “This tree is more than a survivor; it is a provider,” says Sriram Bishnoi, standing under its shade on a sunny afternoon.

Bishnoi says the tree’s pods, called Sangri, are a protein-rich dietary staple. They are a key ingredient in traditional Rajasthani dishes like Ker Sangri, Panchkuta, and Kadhi. Its leaves feed livestock, and its wood serves as fuel for households.

“Sangri embody the resilience of desert communities,” says Gajjer Singh, a farmer and shop owner from Jheepasani village. "They have sustained us for generations, not just by filling our stomachs but by fortifying our health," Singh adds.

Nutritional treasure

Traditional Rajasthani cuisine is renowned for its bold, vibrant flavours, yet its true essence lies in its deep connection to local farming practices and its exceptional nutritional value. One of the region's most cherished dishes, Panchkuta Ki Sabzi, made with Sangri as a key ingredient, embodies this connection.

“Panchkuta offers limitless health benefits as it’s made from the seeds of Kumat, fruits of Ker and Khejri, Khachri, and Goonda. All of these ingredients are organic, grown without a single bag of fertiliser or pesticide,” says Singh.

The leaves of Khejri, locally known as loong or loom, are highly valued for their protein, fibre and carbohydrate content.

A study by researchers Natasha Yadav and Monjoy Kumar Choudhary found that Sangri pods are highly nutritious, containing 40–58% carbohydrates, 8–20% protein, 24–28% dietary fibre, 3.2–4.1% fat, and 5.4% ash.

The study also highlighted that Sangri are rich in micronutrients, providing calcium (0.33%), phosphorus (0.44%), and trace minerals such as iron (208–639 ppm), copper (13–16 ppm), manganese (22 ppm), and zinc (13–16 ppm).

In addition, Sangri have a high-quality amino acid profile, making them an important source of protein in arid regions.

Urban appeal

Once a humble rural staple, Sangri has now become a sought-after delicacy at urban weddings, symbolising both its cultural and nutritional value. 

In cities, eateries have begun featuring dishes like Panchkuta and Ker Sangri, both made from the pods of Khejri, on their premium menus. Despite their steep prices, these traditional dishes have garnered a new following, particularly among tourists. While dining at one of Jodhpur's upscale restaurants, Hritik, a tourist from Madhya Pradesh visiting Rajasthan, tried Ker Sangri for the first time. "I first heard about this dish from a Rajasthani friend, and I've wanted to try it ever since—I really enjoyed eating it," he says.

Other Sangri-based dishes, like Sangri Kadhi–a tangy, creamy preparation made with curd and mustard oil–as well as pickles, are also growing in popularity.

“These dishes are not only delicious but also packed with nutrition,” says Mahipal, a farmer from the Karwar village in Jodhpur, who has been consuming Khejri for years. “Our households have been enjoying it for generations,” he adds.

According to researchers Yadav and Choudhury, the pods have shown the presence of compounds such as linoleic acid, flavone derivatives, and polyphenols, which promote muscle health, enhance metabolic functions, and offer therapeutic benefits. The study also highlighted the tree's ecological contributions, including nitrogen fixation and soil enrichment, underscoring its importance in sustainable agriculture.

Livestock sustenance

"Fodder for small ruminants has long been a challenge in Rajasthan's arid region, as crops are only grown during the rainy season. After the Kharif season ends, fodder shortages arise, prompting cattle rearers to turn to Khejri, as its leaf-fodder can be easily stored and used year-round," says Dr Dheeraj Singh, principal scientist and head of the integrated farming division at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute in Jodhpur. "The leaves of Khejri, locally known as loong or loom, are highly valued for their protein, fibre and carbohydrate content."

A study by scientists at Bikaner’s ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture has found that Khejri leaves contain 12 to 18% crude protein, 13 to 22% crude fibre, 43 to 45% carbohydrates, 2.9% fat, 0.4% phosphorus, 2.1% calcium, and 6 to 7% trace elements, with a calorific value of 5000 kcal.

“It is one of the most nourishing fodders for our goats. We depend on it greatly,” says Ram Dayal, a cattle rearer from Jheepasani village of Jodhpur. 

Thar Shobha

Khejri trees take 10 to 12 years to grow and produce fruit. Their pods grow high on the tree, and the presence of thorns makes it difficult to harvest the fruit or collect the leaves for fodder.

To address these challenges, scientists at Bikaner’s ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture developed a hybrid variety called Thar Shobha. “It produces high-quality pods on shorter trees, making harvesting much easier for farmers. It also starts bearing fruit faster than traditional Khejri trees,” says Dr Singh.

This [Thar Shobha] variety yields more and is easier to harvest, being shorter than the traditional Khejri. On average, it produces 10 kilograms of Sangri, while the traditional variety yields a maximum of 7 to 8 kilograms.

In response to the threats posed by rapid urbanisation, the Gahari Foundation, a non-profit based in Rajasthan’s Jodhpur, is spearheading the Khejri Sahejo campaign to protect the Khejri tree. The foundation has established a nursery with over 100,000 Khejri plants in Miyasani village.

“With the deforestation of Khejri, we are working to protect this vital tree using the Thar Shobha variety developed by scientists,” says Baldev Gora, chairman of the Gahari Foundation. “This variety yields more and is easier to harvest, being shorter than the traditional Khejri. On average, it produces 10 kilograms of Sangri, while the traditional variety yields a maximum of 7 to 8 kilograms,” he adds.

Medicinal benefits

Beyond its nutritional value, Sangri offers a wide range of medicinal benefits, too. The pods are rich in phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids, giving them antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic properties. “Traditional medicine uses Sangri to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments, skin diseases, and chronic conditions such as diabetes and rheumatism,” notes the study by Yadav and Choudhary.

It also points out that the tree’s bark and leaves have healing properties used to disinfect wounds, treat skin conditions, and address illnesses like leprosy and bronchitis.

Dr Singh also highlighted the significance Sangri has in traditional medicine. He explained that dried Sangri is used to relieve menstrual cramps, manage diabetes, treat coughs and skin disorders, and even address complications such as miscarriage. He described Sangri as a medicinal boon, noting that it not only enriches local diets but also supports the livelihoods of desert communities through its therapeutic properties.

Growing food is no easy feat. The elements–soil, water, air–must align perfectly with a plant’s needs; even minor deviations can be unforgiving. Understanding agriculture goes beyond mechanics; it requires an intimate knowledge of the land.

Farming knowledge can’t come from theory alone. Farmers need firsthand experience to address rising temperatures, erratic rains, and pest infestations. Organic farming, while often celebrated as a healthier and more sustainable approach, presents its own set of challenges. Each decision carries weight, and even a small misstep can result in hard, sometimes costly, lessons.

Despite these hurdles, many farmers are reimagining how we grow and distribute food, prioritising sustainability at every step. Organic methods are just one part of the equation. Another critical aspect is the role of middlemen–those who link farmers with consumers and shape market dynamics. While these intermediaries play a vital role, the current system often tilts the scales unfairly, leaving farmers at a disadvantage.

Addressing these imbalances requires systemic change, combining innovative farming practices with more equitable market structures. 

Why Bhoomi?

Enter Bhoomi Farms. Founded by Shankar Venkataraman in 2015, they're committed to delivering chemical-free produce you can trust. His farming experience in the US showed him how middlemen's practices often meant organic farmers couldn't get fair prices for their crops. So he took a different path. Instead of following the usual chemical-heavy farming methods, he stepped back, rethought his approach, and brought in agronomists to understand how different farming practices affect the land. 

The idea for the venture came from the difficulty of tracing where food in India really comes from. When Venkataraman’s six-month-old child fell seriously ill, he started researching how food is grown and its impact on health. He realised that poor soil health leads to food lacking in nutrients. If soil degradation continues, the global food system could be at risk.

‍Restoring balance

Earth (or Bhoomi) is much more than just soil beneath our feet–it's a complex living system that's vital for life as we know it. This so-called ‘dirt’ transforms waste into nutrients, helps regulate our climate by managing carbon dioxide, and naturally purifies our air and water. But here's the thing: our soil is in trouble. With intensive farming, expanding cities and increasing concrete cover, we're putting immense pressure on this sophisticated system. Vital species are disappearing, putting this critical ecosystem at risk.

Venkataraman recognised the urgency of soil preservation early on. He assembled a team of agronomists–now a dozen strong–to prioritise soil health. In conventional farming, soil life suffers from harmful practices. Tillage, for instance, strips soil of organic matter, depletes moisture, and harms biodiversity. Pollution and heavy machinery add further strain.

Restoring soil health by eliminating chemicals and encouraging biodiversity is a long, demanding process. It tests patience and can make farmers second-guess their decisions. Venkataraman’s team helps farmers understand soil and crop needs, ensuring their land reaches its full potential. The payoff? High-quality, sustainable food and a healthier planet.

Farming school

Bhoomi is putting years of hands-on experience to good use. They're taking everything they've learned about composting, natural farming inputs, crop rotation, mixed planting and proper bed preparation to help other farmers switch to organic methods. "We want to be a farming school," says Venkataraman, whose farm grows more than 100 different fruits and vegetables for people wanting fresh, local produce.

Drawing from his background as an engineer, Venkataraman focuses on four essential farming elements:

1. Using cover crops
2. Making top-quality compost
3. Following good soil management
4. Working with the right seeds and climate conditions

Making ends meet

"Farming is very hard to make ends meet," says Venkataraman.

The climate crisis has made irregular rainfall a common problem. Just months ago, unexpected downpours at Bhoomi Farms in Thali, Tamil Nadu, destroyed crops worth Rs 30 lakhs. "I want to continue hoping despite the odds," he says. To protect against unpredictable weather and pests, the farm now uses greenhouses.

When Bhoomi first started, the team planned to build greenhouses across 200 acres. But with costs reaching Rs 130 crores and profits taking 10-15 years to materialise, this wasn't practical. So Venkataraman scaled down his plans.

Despite these challenges, he remains determined to adapt greenhouse techniques for smaller farms. “Farming is a process,” he says. “Bhoomi is a minimum 20-year journey.”

Protecting the environment and biodiversity is essential for farming worldwide, but for Himalayan villages, it’s a lifeline. With their high altitudes, steep slopes, and close proximity to forests, these villages hold the key to preserving some of the richest biodiversity on Earth. Yet, this comes with a challenge: how can small, often fragmented plots of land sustain the nutrition needs of villagers engaged in hard manual labour?

One answer lies in safeguarding the region’s biodiversity, particularly traditional crops like millets. Why? Because agro-chemicals not only degrade the soil but also pollute the vital Himalayan water sources, such as springs and rivers, more rapidly than in other regions. On the flip side, good soil and water conservation practices here can ripple downstream, benefiting the plains far below.

Seeds of change

These issues weren’t lost on Gandhian social activists in Henvalghati—a scenic valley of the Henval River, visible from the Rishikesh-Chamba Road in Uttarakhand. Decades ago, they launched the ‘Save the Seeds Movement’ (or Beej Bachao Andolan, BBA) to champion eco-friendly farming and preserve the diversity of traditional seeds.

Activists like Vijay Jardhari, Kunwar Prasun, Dhum Singh Negi, and Sudesha Devi, who had earlier fought to protect forests in the Chipko (hug the trees) Movement, extended their commitment to sustainable agriculture. They faced an uphill battle when officials began promoting soybean monoculture, dismissing the region’s traditional mixed farming as outdated.

Farming wisdom

What these officials failed to see was the brilliance of the local mixed farming system, known as barahanaza or “12 foods.” This ancient practice, often involving more than 12 crops, created a resilient, sustainable food system.

Each crop played a role:

• Legumes fix nitrogen, enriching the soil
• Creepers like chaulai (amaranth) thrive on legume stems
• Mandua plant roots prevent soil erosion

This intricate balance wasn’t just about survival; it maximised nutrition and kept the soil fertile, season after season. The BBA activists promoted the benefits of barahanaza, using science to support their claims. Over time, their views gained wider acceptance and are now officially recognised.

Green Revolution

In the fertile valleys, rice and wheat dominate. Yet, the shift toward Green Revolution varieties brought dependency on chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Participatory research by BBA activists, including women farmers–vital contributors to Himalayan agriculture–revealed an alternative.

Their studies highlighted that traditional rice varieties often matched or even outperformed the new ones, yielding more rice per kilogram of paddy. Farmers also noted a significant boost in fodder quality and quantity, critical for livestock.

But the impact went beyond numbers. Farmers found food made from traditional varieties tastier, more nourishing, and better for their stamina.

More villagers began recognising the core message of the Beej Bachao Andolan (BBA): the need for ecologically protective farming and preserving biodiversity. Volunteers rallied together, joining foot marches that carried this message from village to village. Along the way, valuable knowledge about traditional crop varieties was shared, and actual seed exchanges took place.

One of the longest marches stretched from Askot to Arakot, covering the breadth of Uttarakhand. Leading the way was Kunwar Prasun, a dedicated activist who walked the entire route, spreading awareness and inspiring action.

Traditional treasures

The foot marches uncovered a wealth of information about traditional crop varieties. In Jaunsar Bawar, villagers held their chwatu red rice (also called chardhan or chwaria) in high regard for its unique flavour. In Kairaro Valley, thapchini rice stood out for its high yield and good taste, while the barahai variety thrived with minimal water. The zeeri variety was prized for its exceptional flavour, and jhailda and khimanand ki ghori were resilient against hailstorms. For windstorm-prone areas, jarakhya proved to be a dependable choice.

In wheat, the mishri variety was celebrated for its rich taste and ability to withstand snowfall and limited sunlight. Meanwhile, the thang variety performed well in less fertile lands.

Operating without external funding, BBA worked tirelessly to preserve these seeds in fields and record their characteristics. Kunwar Prasun and Vijay Jardhari contributed to this effort by writing books in Hindi on these topics. Prasun also penned an essay documenting over 100 rice varieties from the region, detailing their unique traits.

Lessons from forests

Despite working without funding, BBA did its best to save seeds in the fields and document their efforts. Kunwar Prasun and Vijay Jardhari have written books in Hindi on these and related topics. Kunwar Prasun also wrote an essay that records over 100 varieties of rice from the region, highlighting their unique traits.

BBA’s work built on the earlier efforts of the Chipko movement in Henvalghati, which focused on protecting forests. Villagers from Henvalghati showed immense courage, saving forests in Advani and Salet from being cut down or auctioned to contractors. They also worked to restore degraded forests. These forests are crucial—they prevent soil erosion and landslides, provide fodder and leaf manure, support water springs and streams, and offer wild foods that improve food security for poorer families.

The villagers also stood up to mining contractors who wanted to extract limestone and other stones from the Henval river. If mining had continued, it would have caused landslides, damaged farms, and destroyed small irrigation channels (guls) that took generations of hard work to build. BBA activists extended their efforts to other villages like Nahin Kala, where mining posed an even greater threat. They helped protect farms and forests there from reckless mining.

A key insight from BBA was the significant role of women farmers. While they are central to Himalayan agriculture in normal times, their contributions become even more vital in protecting biodiversity, forests, and the environment. Women displayed exceptional responsiveness to these concerns, demonstrating their indispensable role in these efforts.

The lessons and achievements of BBA and similar movements offer valuable guidance for shaping Himalayan agriculture. They underscore the urgency of prioritising ecologically protective farming and preserving the region’s rich biodiversity.

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There was a time when people relished healthy, delicious meals made from fresh produce harvested from naturally cultivated fields. However, as farmers adopted chemical fertilisers and pesticides, toxins began infiltrating the soil and food, often with little awareness of their harmful effects. Recognising the damage, many farmers are returning to natural methods, including Tarachand Belji, a pioneer of the natural farming movement from Bhopal. Guided by his principle, “Agriculture has to be sustainable, both in terms of boosting productivity and maintaining ecological harmony,” Belji has been promoting Tarachand Belji Techniques (TCBT) since 2009, following his experiments with soil health, fertilisers, pesticides, and water management.

Learning curve

In 2005, Tarachand’s search for better farming methods led him to Nana Ji Deshmukh, his mentor at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Ganiwa and Majhgawan under the Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya. He had seen the results of both conventional chemical farming, practiced by his father, and organic farming, which mainly used vermicompost and simple composting techniques. He noticed that chemical farming led to poor yields, unhealthy soil, and crop diseases, while organic farming had its own limitations. This led him to experiment with natural farming methods. During his trials, he connected with agricultural scientists from Kanpur, Banaras, and Deepak Sajde, who introduced him to ‘Panchmahabhut Krishi’.

Agriculture has to be sustainable, both in terms of boosting productivity and maintaining ecological harmony.

“TCBT is a philosophy that honours the land, fosters sustainability, and supports a regenerative agricultural system based on respect for nature,” he said. Under the guidance of members of the All-India Organic Forum Association, Tarachand studied 13 foundational texts, including ancient scriptures like Vrikshayurveda, Krishi Geeta, and Kashyapi Krishi, which reveal age-old wisdom on natural farming.

Establishing models

“In three years, I established multiple organic farming models in Zari, Bhatni, Khamariya, and Dhodar villages,” Tarachand said. Building on his knowledge of both chemical and organic farming, Tarachand founded the Prakritik Krishi Shodh Sansthan in 2009. He and 100 farmers cultivated a 13-acre plot in Kharmaria village, Narsinghpur district, where the fields were overrun with parthenium weed (gajar ghas). Combining ancient agricultural principles with modern challenges, Tarachand and his team conducted quarterly evaluations to track progress. The use of natural compounds, such as panchgavya (a mixture of cow-based ingredients) and ‘jeevanu jal’ (enhancing microbial activity), led to encouraging results.

“By 2022, our team achieved record-breaking yields across 18 crops. We harvested 1,000 gourds from a single plant and 15 quintals of mustard from just 50 grams of seeds. I cultivated wheat, rice, green peas, lentils, and guava,” he said.

“After adopting Panchmahabhut Krishi and achieving 20 to 30 percent higher harvests, I decided to create awareness to encourage farmers to try this healthy approach,” Tarachand said.

‘Agnihotra’ or puja is performed for the fields, and the ashes are sprayed wherever possible. Farmers use methods like ‘beejamritham’ to strengthen seeds, ‘jeevamritham’ to fertilise the soil, and mulching to shield bacteria from sunlight. Soil tests check humidity, pressure, biomes, beneficial bacteria, and pests, and rejuvenation is carried out when needed.

Also read: The fight to save India’s small rivers

In harmony

“Panchmahabhut Krishi is all about aligning with the elements of nature–earth, water, fire, air, and space. It enriches the soil and nourishes crops with energy in harmony with nature,” said Siju Sivanand, an aviator turned farmer in Kollam, Kerala. He cultivates bananas, chillies, ginger, turmeric, yam, tapioca, lady’s fingers, greens like spinach, gourds, and fruits on his farm. “The soil naturally contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients. Microbes protect plants. Just look at forests–natural methods are more than enough,” he said.

"Chemical farming, while initially productive, drains soil carbon, disrupts the microbiome, and relies on unsustainable practices," said Siju. "I noticed my soil was hard, and the yield was low. I consulted many experts, but only TCBT, recommended by my mentor, addressed all my concerns. TCBT has helped loosen and enrich the soil, boost productivity, and reduce pest problems. Previously, during rains, my ginger would rot due to waterlogging, but after using TCBT, there's better seepage, increased microbial activity, and improved results."Siju said, running his fingers through the fertile soil. "A small amount of natural fertilisers and pesticides is enough to cover large areas," he added.

National Mission

With the launch of the National Mission on Natural Farming in November, 34 lakh farmers have adopted natural farming practices, covering 22 lakh hectares of land. The Centre now aims to involve one crore farmers in natural farming through institutions and grama panchayats.

Tarachand is on a mission to encourage more farmers to embrace organic farming. Having trained over 200,000 farmers in sustainable agriculture, he focuses on soil health, pest management, and eco-friendly techniques. His hands-on training programmes and talks empower farmers across Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and other states.

He has also played a role in shaping Madhya Pradesh's organic farming policy and frequently delivers awareness sessions at agricultural universities. "I was a trainer at GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand," he said. "Realising the need to go organic, I started reaching out to farmers in other states, helping them transition to toxin-free farming."

Tarachand's efforts earned him invitations to G20 sessions in Mumbai and Varanasi in 2023.

Farmer voices

"Balancing the five elements helps curb pests, and the produce is healthier and tastier than those grown chemically," said Sumit Rana, a farmer in Punjab. "I discovered TCBT on YouTube and started practising it to ensure my family eats healthy, nutritious, and tasty food while treating nature kindly. I switched recently, and the results are promising," he added.

"I also came across TCBT on YouTube," said Vijay Barfa, a techie-turned farmer from Bhopal. "It’s a form of agriculture rooted in divine energy and ecological balance, and it works. As a large-scale farmer, I plan to transition to natural farming step by step."

TCBT is also promoted through Soul Society for Organic Farming Research and Education. “It’s a digital company comprising farmers, researchers, technologists, and trainers, with Tarachand Belji as cofounder, chief mentor, and ideologue, founded in October 2021,” said co-founder and CEO Ritesh Agarwal. Ritesh’s long association with Tarachand and the drive to improve the food supply chain with genuine organic produce inspired him to create Soul Society. The organisation educates farmers on natural farming and offers guidance every step of the way, including marketing.

“Soul helps farmers assess soil health, provides organic agro inputs to nourish it with essential nutrients and microbes, and boosts productivity and resilience,” said Ritesh. “We’ve conducted over 200 training programs, and around 80,000 farmers from 20 states have adopted it.”

According to Ritesh, the direct supply chain from natural farms to consumers aims to boost the local economy, helping farmers reinvest in their farms and offer natural food to people. Extensive research is done to improve product quality and farming practices.

“We’ve developed e-commerce channels to supply products to farmers and offer expert advice to those keen on natural farming,” said cofounder Sharad Bhat, who drives the digital strategy. After working at Infosys, TCS, and Ola, Sharad wanted to give back to society and believed organic farming was the ideal way to do so.

Also read: The tribal seed guardians of Dindori

Tech-based solutions

“Soul offers education, training, and products both online and offline through partnerships with institutions, including government and farmer producer organisations. We help farmers transition from chemical-based to natural farming by offering tech-based solutions that can be adapted quickly. I also handle human resources,” Sharad said. Soul provides farmers with mobile app access to track crops, receive expert advice, and learn natural farming techniques.

Soul supports marketing by buying produce from farmers and selling it directly to customers at fair prices.

“We’ve worked on over 60,000 acres across 20 states and convert about 500 acres to organic farming every month. This could be the largest network of organic growers in India,” Ritesh said.

Tarachand and his team envision turning one million acres organic by 2025, increasing farmers’ income and productivity, and transforming farmers into eco-warriors for a sustainable future.

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For the past decade, Phuljharia Bai has been carefully preserving millet seeds in her modest home. She is part of the Baiga community, an indigenous tribe deeply connected to the forests of central India. 

Once dismissed as coarse grains unsuitable for modern diets, millets have made a remarkable comeback. Their resilience to climate change has redefined their value. In fact, 2023 was celebrated as the International Year of Millets by the United Nations.

Seed guardians

Phuljharia's journey into seed conservation wasn’t by choice—it was born out of necessity. When the men in her village, Gaura Kanhari in Dindori district, were unable to continue the work due to struggles with alcohol addiction, the women stepped in to take charge.

“The community seed bank was started at the house of Lalsai Baiga. But after initial hiccups, women took up the responsibility of saving seeds. Today, the initiative is called the Samudayik Bewar Beej Bank, which conserves multiple varieties of millets. At one time, it preserved about 40 different types of seeds,” said Naresh Biswas, a local dedicated to preserving Baiga culture.

Seed preservation isn’t just about agriculture–it’s also about resilience and biodiversity. While agricultural institutes store seeds in controlled environments, community-led seed banks play a critical role in keeping traditional knowledge alive.

Forest and agricultural officials often assume that the Baigas don’t farm because Bewar is so different from conventional agriculture.

For the Baigas, these practices are interwoven with culture. For example, ragi flour mixed with turmeric is applied to the body before weddings–a tradition rooted in the millet’s calcium-rich properties.

In tribal regions across India, community seed banks have helped tackle nutritional challenges. Indigenous seeds, unlike hybrids, are naturally hardy, pest-resistant, and better suited to local conditions. Yet, government policies promoting hybrid seeds have sidelined these local varieties.

Yet, not all is lost. Among these resilient grains, millets have managed to survive, thanks to the quiet, persistent efforts of seed conservators in rural India. While paddy and wheat reigned supreme in markets due to government incentives, millets like ragi endured through grassroots practices.

In Odisha’s Koraput district, tribal women trade ragi millet for essentials like soap and oil, highlighting the lasting value of indigenous crops and the central role of women in household decisions.

Reviving Bewar

In Dindori, Biswas championed seed conservation to revive Bewar, an indigenous farming system practised by the Baigas in uplands. Bewar involves growing multiple crops simultaneously, which also helped streamline land rights claims under the Forest Rights Act (FRA). Passed in 2006, the FRA grants tribal communities and forest dwellers rights over forest resources.

“As Bewar is carried out on hilly slopes without tilling or ploughing, many officials unfamiliar with the process don’t recognise it as farming. This led to the rejection of many land rights claims in the early years. That’s when I encouraged the Baigas to conserve seeds to prove their agricultural practices,” Biswas explained. “This also revived Bewar, which many Baigas had abandoned while working as labourers.”

When our community ran out of seeds, we had to collect them from far-off places. Now, many homes store seeds, but a decade ago, this wasn’t the case.

When Biswas began working on land rights under the FRA, he encouraged many Baiga women to conserve seeds. “Forest and agricultural officials often assume that the Baigas don’t farm because Bewar is so different from conventional agriculture,” he said. He has also written a book called Bewar Swaraj, where he discusses the importance of agro-diversity.

Before seed conservation efforts began, many younger Baigas were unaware of the importance of saving seeds. “When our community ran out of seeds, we had to collect them from far-off places. Now, many homes store seeds, but a decade ago, this wasn’t the case,” said Budhprakash, son of Phuljharia.

Johnu Baiga, Phuljharia’s brother and a resident of Ajgar village, now conserves seeds of millets like sikiya, sanwa, kutki, and kang. Initially, many seed varieties had to be sourced from other districts, states, and remote villages, said Biswas. He credited Shikari Baiga, Johnu and Phuljharia’s father, with playing a pivotal role in conserving seeds 20 years ago.

Similar to the Baigas of central India who practice Bewar, the Kondhs of Odisha farm in upland areas, called Dongar plots, which are known for growing multiple crops. Jagat Barik of Pradan, a non-profit in Rayagada, noted that photographs of Dongar plots are now attached to FRA claims for verification, simplifying the process.

Tushar Dash, an independent researcher on the FRA based in Bhubaneshwar, said forest officials often prevent adivasi communities from practising agroecological farming on bewar and dongar lands–methods they have used for generations.

“This is a common issue that results in misunderstanding traditional land use and rights. The goal of the FRA is to recognise these rights, even if they aren’t officially recorded. Pre-agricultural practices are included under habitat rights in the FRA.” he added.

Conservation methods

In Dindori, people store seeds in unique ways. Johnu stores seeds in kothis–large mud containers kept indoors–or dried gourds."The large kothis can hold up to 60 quintals (6000 kg) of grains," said Biswas. "These are built when the Baigas construct their mud houses." 

The Baiga also store seeds in old mud handis that were once used for brewing country liquor. After several uses, a new layer of mud is applied to the outside, creating what are called marsa, which can hold 10-12 kg of grains. While tin storage boxes are becoming more common, Biswas believes seeds don't always stay fresh in them.

Seed exchange is also a common practice. When someone borrows seeds for planting, they must return 1.5 kg more than what they took after the harvest. This practice is called bijahi among the Baigas. If grains are borrowed for consumption, the borrower must return double the amount they took. This is known as barhi.

Phuljharia, along with Laheri Bai from Silipidi village in Dindori, gained recognition for their work in seed conservation. Their efforts attracted many visitors to see the seed banks, and a documentary was made about Phuljharia's work. 

Biswas highlighted that in regions where Bewar is not practiced, crops like ragi have become dominant. However, in Dindori, where the Baigas practice multiple cropping through Bewar, a variety of millet species thrive. "If Bewar is abandoned, both crop and seed diversity will be lost," he warned.

The older generation’s dedication to conservation remains a source of inspiration. Biswas recounted the story of Moharsingh Baiga, a tribal elder who saved 40 quintals of kodo millet, received as part of his dowry. Before his death, Moharsingh instructed that his stored millet be used for a communal feast–a testament to his belief in sharing and preserving resources for the community.

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Back in 2013, when most landowners in Manjakkudi village, Tiruvarur district, were heavily using chemical fertilisers and pesticides, Sheela Balaji, founder of Swami Dayananda Farms, took a different path. She began restoring her leased land using Panchagavya and vermicompost. To shield the fields from nearby chemical use and pests, she put up a natural fence of Nochi, Aaduthoda, Tulasi, Maruthondri and Marigold. It took her three years to restore the soil’s health.

Bold start

To get more guidance, Balaji connected with sustainable farming communities in places like Sirkazhi, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, where they exchanged seeds and knowledge.

“By the first harvest in 2015, we had varieties like Mapillai Samba, Thooyamalli, Seeraga Samba, Kichili Samba, and Kaattuyaanam, and by 2022, we had about 200 different seed types,” said Balaji.

However, starting with just 10 grams of seed from farmer exchanges, it took three years to have enough for an acre. Balaji was careful not to let these seeds be used for inorganic farming. So, she leased additional land and dedicated 10 acres specifically to conservation farming and only milled the paddy she got from the rest of the acreage.

To engage local farmers, Balaji teamed up with Nel Jayaraman, an organic farmer and consumer activist, to hold a Nel Thiruvizha in Manjakkudi. She gave 1 kilo of paddy seeds for free to each of the 300 farmers who attended, with the condition that they grow it without chemicals and return 2 kilos of seeds. However, after four years, she had to stop the seed exchange because the farmers didn't maintain the purity of the rice varieties. Despite this, interest in the project remained strong.

In 2017, Balaji opened the Spirit Of The Earth (SOTE) store in Mylapore, Chennai, to sell rice from the farm. “If the rice reaches the consumer, the farmer will be motivated to grow it, and a retail cycle will be created,” she said. Instead of Nel Thiruvizha, SOTE now holds talks, workshops, and demonstrations twice a year on topics like making vermicompost, preparing Panchagavya, and hosting interactive Q&A sessions with experts. 

What is heritage rice?

Heritage rice varieties are natural treasures that evolve without human intervention. These seeds are strong, and can be saved from one harvest to plant again. A heritage paddy plant naturally pollinates itself within the panicle.

India once had over 100,000 rice varieties, all grown and eaten across the country. But the Green Revolution promoted high-yielding hybrid crops, leading to monoculture farming and the extinction of many heritage varieties.

“What if a pandemic wiped out the remaining varieties and left us in crisis?” asked Balaji. Heirloom seed-based farming is the key to restoring crop diversity and improving soil health, she added.

After ten years of experimenting with different crops, she’s become more cautious, realising that some paddy varieties are meant solely for conservation. From the many varieties she grows, she saves 25 kilos of seeds. About 60 of the best edible varieties, suitable for making value-added products, are sold at the SOTE store.

"Every year, in June or July we bring out two new varieties like the black rice varieties from Manipur such as Kakching Phou, Moirang Phou, Chakhao Poireiton, Chakhao Amubi. Consumers come asking for them too,” she said.

To ensure quality, SOTE has tested over 100 rice varieties in accredited labs for minerals, fiber, starch, and water content. The Likitimachi rice from Odisha, for example, is rich in protein–10 grams per 100 grams, she added.

Organic is a gamble for the farmers- from the sprays’ efficacy against Thrips or stem-borer to rains and ultimately plant growth. Organic rice needs to be differentiated and given a better floor price in the market.

Challenges and rewards

Today, at least 8 young farmers in and around Manjakkudi are growing organic crops on one or two acres, mainly for their own use. Three more have joined this year.  At least seven farmers are buying seeds from her farm and selling the harvest back to her.

"The area of land being used for this has definitely doubled in the last two years," said K Nagarajan, who retired from corporate work and now practices heritage farming on his 12 acres in Manjakkudi.

The heritage paddy plant grows 4-5 feet tall, which is about twice the height of hybrid varieties, and takes 120-140 days to harvest. The seeds from Swami Dayananda Farm yield 1.5 tons per acre. Varieties not native to the state yield slightly less. 

Most of the labour goes into weeding, and the total cost of production is around Rs 90-95 per kilo of paddy. After milling, only 60% of the yield remains. At SOTE, rice is priced between Rs 130 and Rs 180 per kilo, though prices may vary with aggregators.

"We need subsidies for seeds and other inputs. We also need regular customers to ensure steady income,’ said farmer Azhagar Kaliaperumal, who sold eight bags of Athur Kichili Samba, making a profit of Rs 2,000.

"Organic is a gamble for the farmers- from the sprays’ efficacy against Thrips or stem-borer to rains and ultimately plant growth. Organic rice needs to be differentiated and given a better floor price in the market. But that should not deter people like us from experimenting and propagating,” Balaji said.

Lasting legacy

Swami Dayananda Farms' seed bank now holds 289 heritage varieties from 15 states. SOTE continues to exchange seeds with farmers across the country. At the same time, they train farmers, explain the economics, and spread awareness. The awareness is growing, with even rice mandi owners doing dip-tests to identify varieties. Many clusters in the delta region are now practicing sustainable farming and supporting the farmers who do.

As the next step, “Manjakkudi needs a Farmer Producer Company (FPC) to make the entire farm-to-market process seamless for the farmers,” said Nagarajan.

Balaji’s legacy is becoming one of empowerment–both for the soil and for the farmers she works with. The seed bank she nurtures has become a cornerstone for preserving the rich diversity of India’s heritage rice, with each variety carrying a story of resilience and renewal. Though challenges remain, including market fluctuations and the need for greater support for organic farmers, Balaji’s vision endures: a future where heritage farming thrives, soils heal, and communities embrace the wisdom of generations past. “Even if they try to mess it up, they can’t,” she said with a quiet conviction.

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Our bodies are home to a vast community of microbes that not only coexist with us but also play a vital role in maintaining our equilibrium, said Dr Bhavana MV, a microbiologist at Manipal Hospitals.

The gut, in particular, houses 90% of the body’s bacteria, which help produce essential enzymes for normal bodily functions. This collection of bacteria-along with archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses–forms the gut microbiome.

The microbiome begins to develop in newborns, as their intestines are initially immature. “As the infant is exposed to various environments and milk, the microbiome develops within 5–6 months,” said Dr Bhavana. “Once it reaches a satisfactory level of maturity, we can introduce solid foods.”

The delicate balance of the gut lining is sensitive to antibiotics. "When we get an infection or illness, it can damage the gut’s protective lining. The food we eat also plays a role, sometimes depleting the good bacteria and giving harmful ones room to grow. As these bad bacteria multiply, they produce polymers that can lead to disease,” said Neha Jain, associate professor at IIT Jodhpur’s Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering.

Long-term impact

Evidence suggests that early exposure to antibiotics can disrupt multiple systems, including the gastrointestinal, immune and neurocognitive systems.

“The gut microbiome is linked to various physiological conditions such as weight management, mood disorders and gastrointestinal issues,” said Akanksha Gupta, co-founder of MicrobioTX, a Bengaluru-based gut health startup.

The rise in antibiotic use in recent years has been directly linked to these issues. The antibiotics we take, even just occasionally, can really disrupt our gut. It can take weeks or even months to recover, even after taking the right dose. Some studies show that certain healthy bacteria are still missing up to six months after taking antibiotics. Just imagine the damage caused when antibiotics are used more than necessary.

"The bacteria stay in groups, not individually. They form a community, which gives rise to antimicrobial resistance," explained Jain. She also stated that her lab is looking into how these communities are formed, their composition, and whether a drug can be designed to prevent this formation.

Also read: What’s lurking in your chicken dinner?

Gut-brain link

Two new studies suggest that Parkinson’s disease might sometimes originate in the digestive tract and travel to the brain, driven in part by a chain reaction involving gut microbes. “Active research has been happening since the last 10 years. However, people have reported in the 80s and 90s that there’s some connection between the gut and the brain,” said Jain.

Researchers suggest that as the concentration of certain microbes increases, movement-related symptoms of Parkinson’s worsen. In those with Parkinson’s, the gut's microbial balance shifts, allowing specific bacterial families to dominate. Among them is E coli, a microbe notorious for causing gut infections.

The studies identified a chain reaction initiated by E coli that leads to abnormal protein clumps forming in the gut. These clumps have also been found in the brains of Parkinson’s patients.

Leaky gut

"Most of the beneficial bacteria in our gut play a key role in breaking down the fibre we consume. However, when there’s a change in this balance, healthy bacteria are lost, and small gaps form in the gut lining. This allows harmful bacteria and viruses to take over, leading to a condition known as leaky gut," said Dr Baby Chakrapani, Honorary Director of the Centre for Neuroscience and Assistant Professor.

"The microbes lining our gut are essential for maintaining good health. Overusing antibiotics can destroy these healthy microbes, which can trigger the onset of various illnesses, including neurological conditions," he added.

At birth, microbial populations are transferred to newborns, primarily through exposure to natural vaginal bacteria. This is why vaginal births are usually better for establishing a strong microbial foundation. Babies born via C-section miss out on this initial transfer and need more time to build their microbiome through breastfeeding and diet in the months that follow. This early microbiome plays a key role in building immunity, giving naturally delivered babies an early advantage in gut health.

However, this balance can later be disrupted by lifestyle factors like exposure to pesticides, antibiotics, and even stress. These factors damage the gut lining, often triggering the onset of various health problems.

The microbes lining our gut are essential for maintaining good health. Overusing antibiotics can destroy these healthy microbes, which can trigger the onset of various illnesses, including neurological conditions.

The researcher, who specialises in neuroscience and brain cell studies, said when we think of neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, we usually focus on the symptoms that appear in people aged 50 or 60. But changes in the brain often begin 20 to 30 years earlier, during a pre-symptomatic stage that goes unnoticed. Subtle symptoms may emerge in this phase, and constipation is a common early warning sign. “It’s one of the changes that signals a disease may develop later,” he said.

Our bodies often signal when something is wrong, but sometimes symptoms stay hidden. In such cases, doctors recommend tests to assess gut health. Typically, these tests involve stool samples.

MicrobioTX has introduced a method that uses a simple finger-prick test instead of traditional stool-based analysis. “The Gut Function test uniquely predicts gut bacteria by analyzing metabolites in the blood using a finger-prick sample. By relying on a machine learning model, GFT allows a user to bypass traditional stool-based testing or genomic sequencing to know his gut profile, making it more affordable, less invasive, and faster, with results available within two weeks,” said Gupta.

Our bodies have both good and bad bacteria. Antibiotics don’t know the difference and kill both. It’s like during a riot–when the police try to stop the trouble, innocent people sometimes get hurt too.

Reversing damage

The misuse of antibiotics is another pressing health issue. “Antibiotics used to be easily available without a prescription, so people got into the habit of taking them for things like colds and coughs. In the last 5–6 years, India has been working to raise awareness about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but progress has been slow. Many still think they can take antibiotics whenever they want, but that needs to change,” said Jain.

She has been part of a rural outreach programme to tackle the misuse of antibiotics. “We educated people about what antibiotics do and why they shouldn’t be used unnecessarily. We also explained how overuse can lead to AMR.

“Our bodies have both good and bad bacteria. Antibiotics don’t know the difference and kill both. It’s like during a riot–when the police try to stop the trouble, innocent people sometimes get hurt too. If this continues, the innocent ones are lost. This is what happens when we use antibiotics,” she added.

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In India, when we think about safeguarding rivers, it’s often the major waterways that grab the spotlight. Yet, for thousands of rural villages, the lifeblood of their daily existence flows through smaller rivers and streams—the tributaries and sub-tributaries of these larger rivers. These smaller water bodies may not make the news, but they are essential to survival, helping provide water for livestock, irrigation, and daily needs. However, as these rivers face mounting threats from sand mining, pollution, and encroachment, many are either disappearing or dangerously close to doing so. The result? Increased water scarcity in the dry months and severe flooding during the rains. But a growing movement of local communities, with support from voluntary organizations and local authorities, is working to revive these crucial waterways—offering a glimmer of hope that could be replicated across the country.

River revivals

The depletion of small rivers can be attributed to excessive sand mining, encroachments, pollution, and heavy silting. In Kolawalpur village of Banda district (Uttar Pradesh), large-scale sand mining had severely damaged the Ken River, increasing the risks of water scarcity in summer and floods during the rainy season. The situation came to a head three years ago when villagers gathered in the river, prayed, and pledged to save it. Their protest against excessive sand mining drew support from neighbouring villages, ultimately compelling authorities to impose restrictions on mining.

Excessive silt and other deposits have become major problems, blocking the flow of water in some rivers. For example, the Naina river near Bahera village in Niwari district, Madhya Pradesh, was affected by rising silt levels. Local residents organized cleaning drives, which greatly improved the river’s flow.

In Bhanwarpur village of Banda, the disappearance of the Gharar river had exacerbated water scarcity, forcing many villagers to migrate. Two years ago, the Dalit community, motivated by the voluntary organisation Vidya Dham Samiti, contributed their labour to partially revive the river. However, arbitrary engineering projects by the administration later increased the community’s vulnerability to floods.

Community power

Parmarth, a voluntary organisation based in the Bundelkhand region, has led efforts to protect several small rivers over the past decade. Their work has resulted in the revival or partial rejuvenation of four rivers: Kanera, Barua, Bacheri, and Bargi. These efforts, supported by administrative initiatives, have significantly improved the rivers’ flow. However, such efforts must continue to prevent a return to the neglect and harmful practices of the past.

What’s encouraging is that local communities, especially women, are leading these protection efforts, which raises hope that this commitment will continue. Some of these projects have also involved collaboration with local panchayats and district authorities, enabling the construction of check dams and other costly projects through government schemes like NREGA. Watershed projects supported by NABARD have also played a role.

A key part of this success has been Parmarth’s group of women volunteers, known as jal sahelis (water friends), who focus on water conservation.

River restoration typically begins with village-level meetings, followed by river yatras–collective foot marches that explore various stretches of the river to identify problems and determine necessary actions. Village leaders, panchayat representatives, and district officials are then engaged, often leading to the formation of community organisations focused on river revival and protection.

Also read: Barley barely hanging on in Spiti

Success stories

The Kanera river flows for about 19 km across several villages in the Babina block of Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh. Villagers said the river had a good flow until around 20 years ago but started to degrade, affecting irrigation, crop yields, and water levels in nearby villages. The restoration work involved removing silt and dirt, deepening parts of the river, building two check dams, and planting trees around the river. As a result, irrigation has improved, water levels have risen, there are more fish, and both farm animals and wildlife can find water throughout the year.

For the Barua River in Lalitpur district, women played an important role in a community-driven effort to create a temporary bund using sand-filled sacks. Villagers, led by jal sahelis, also took action against illegal sand-mining, which was harming the river. This led the administration to agree to stop the mining.

In Tikamgarh district (Madhya Pradesh), repairing a damaged check dam on the Bargi river has delivered promising results. An ongoing NABARD-supported watershed project is further aiding the cause. Similarly, efforts to protect the Bacheri river in Chhatarpur district (Madhya Pradesh) have brought together community members and local officials. These projects often include afforestation and cleaning drives, bolstering the health of these water bodies.

Innovative solutions

Bundelkhand Seva Sansthaan (BSS) has been working alongside the local administration to rejuvenate small rivers and rivulets such as Banai, Odi, and Ur in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. BSS mobilizes communities and explores potential work sites, while the administration contributes by building check dams and carrying out other projects under NREGA or similar schemes. These efforts have led to increased irrigation, higher water levels in wells, better crop yields, and greater water availability for farmers.

On a broader scale, these initiatives also help communities adapt to climate change. By boosting water resources, they strengthen resilience against adverse weather conditions.

Efforts have also focused on improving water usage from small rivers and rivulets. Traditionally, this has involved costly diesel-powered pumps, adding to the financial burden on farmers and increasing fossil fuel dependency. However, farmer-scientist Mangal Singh has developed the Mangal Turbine, which lifts water without diesel or electricity, harnessing the energy of flowing water. The technology has been praised by senior development officials, and the Maithani Committee of the Department of Rural Development, Government of India, has recommended its widespread use under various government schemes. This recommendation should be implemented immediately, as it could significantly benefit farmers and reduce fossil fuel reliance in farming. Given that Mangal Singh is 78 years old, urgent action is needed to set up Mangal turbines at suitable sites and train young technicians in this valuable technology.

The efforts to revive India’s small rivers are a testament to the power of grassroots action. From cleaning silt-blocked rivers to battling illegal mining, communities, especially women, are leading the charge. The success of these initiatives hinges not just on local commitment but also on effective collaboration with government schemes and innovative solutions like the Mangal Turbine, which could revolutionize water usage in rural areas. By continuing to nurture these community-driven restoration projects, India can safeguard its small rivers—ensuring that they remain a reliable source of water for generations to come and strengthening the resilience of rural areas against the changing climate.

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In 2014, Naveen Kumar jumped from the corporate treadmill to farming. He was inspired by a friend’s successful pomegranate farm and decided to buy his own piece of land. He started with bananas, but the reality of pesticide use hit him hard. What followed was a deeper reflection on the food system: if growing food required so much chemical interference, what does that say about what we’re consuming?

Curious to learn more, Naveen started attending seminars and talking to farmers who practiced natural farming. He visited farms, learned about sustainable methods, and studied Subhash Palekar’s zero-budget natural farming (ZBNF) techniques. These experiences convinced him to change the way he farmed.

Farming isn’t just about growing crops–adding value to produce is key to increasing profits.

By 2018, Naveen had completely switched to natural farming. He chose crops like bananas, areca, pepper, and coffee that suited the local climate and soil. He stopped using chemical fertilisers and changed how he irrigated his fields, focusing on sustainable and natural methods.

Today, Naveen’s two-acre farm in Adaganahalli, Mysore district, isn’t just growing crops–it’s proving a point. When you stop forcing nature and start working with it, you get healthier soil, cleaner crops, and a farm that practically runs itself.

‍ZBNF decoded

Q: Can you explain the main techniques of ZBNF?

Zero-budget natural farming is built on four key techniques that form the foundation of sustainable agriculture:

Beejamrutha is a natural method to treat seeds before planting. Seeds or saplings are dipped in this solution for 2–3 minutes to strengthen their resistance to pests and diseases. After dipping, the saplings are dribbled gently to enhance their vitality, dried in the shade for half a day, and then planted. This simple process promotes healthier crop growth from the start.

Jeevamrutha is a microbial-rich fertilizer that boosts soil health and crop growth. It’s made using:

• 10 kg cow dung
• 10 litres cow urine
• 2 kg jaggery
• 2 kg dicot flour
• A handful of fertile soil

These ingredients are mixed in water, stirred clockwise initially, then anticlockwise after two days. After seven days, the solution is ready to use. A small amount of cow dung (just 10 grams) contains millions of microorganisms, making this fertilizer a natural powerhouse for enriching the soil.

Mulching protects the soil, just like a mother wraps her child to shield it from the elements. It helps retain moisture, regulates temperature, and nurtures soil microorganisms.

• Live mulching: Using cover crops or plants.
• Soil mulching: Applying organic materials like compost.
• Dry mulching: Using dry plant matter like straw or leaves.

Humus is essential for soil fertility and water retention. By ensuring the right Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (90% carbon, 10% nitrogen), farmers can promote natural humus formation. One gram of humus can retain up to six litres of water from the atmosphere, creating a water-efficient and fertile soil ecosystem.

ZBNF techniques significantly reduce water usage compared to conventional farming. While traditional methods might need 100 litres of water, ZBNF achieves similar results with just 10 litres, thanks to improved soil health and water retention. By following these techniques, farmers can cultivate resilient, sustainable, and water-efficient crops.

Environmentally, ZBNF promotes biodiversity, prevents soil erosion, and protects soil structure and microorganisms.

Q: How does ZBNF reduce costs and support sustainability for farmers?

ZBNF helps farmers save money and farm sustainably by using natural inputs like Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha, and mulching. These are inexpensive, easy to make, and replace costly chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reducing production costs.

The techniques also improve soil fertility, boost water retention, and lower irrigation needs, saving more money. With no need for tilling or ploughing, farmers spend less on labour and machinery, cutting fuel costs and reducing wear and tear.

Environmentally, ZBNF promotes biodiversity, prevents soil erosion, and protects soil structure and microorganisms. By combining low costs with eco-friendly practices, it offers a sustainable and profitable farming method.

Q: What challenges did you face when starting ZBNF?

When I started Zero Budget Natural Farming, one major challenge was sourcing cow dung and urine, which are essential for making fertilizers like Jeevamrutha and Gokupamrutha. Since I didn’t have cows, I had to rely on a childhood friend who owned over 15 indigenous cows for these supplies.

Another challenge was convincing my colleagues to spray Jeevamrutha and sour buttermilk on crops. They were sceptical at first, but their doubts disappeared when they saw the amazing results in the fields. Despite these initial hurdles, I stayed committed to the principles of natural farming.

Q: How can a farmer achieve sustainability with the ZBNF model?

Farming isn’t just about growing crops–adding value to produce is key to increasing profits. For example, I turned surplus betel leaves, which were often wasted, into pan powder. By processing about a quintal of leaves, I earned ten times more than selling them as raw leaves. I also added other farm-grown ingredients like areca and nutmeg to boost the product’s value.

Farmers should focus on selling their value-added products directly to consumers instead of depending on wholesale markets. This approach improves profits and builds a more sustainable farming business. By combining crop cultivation with value addition, farmers can maximise earnings and make farming more rewarding.

Q: How can consumers support farmers?

Consumers can help farmers by building a direct connection with villages. For example, urban households can "adopt" a village and place regular orders–weekly or monthly–for fresh produce. These orders can be delivered straight from the farm to their homes, cutting out middlemen and ensuring farmers are fairly paid.

By paying upfront, consumers provide farmers with financial stability while enjoying fresh, chemical-free produce. Farmers can also charge 10-15% more for organic products, boosting their income while keeping control of their goods. This direct farm-to-consumer model promotes trust, fairness, and sustainability.

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Q: What path should farmers take for a sustainable future?

Farmers can start small by dedicating a portion of their land to chemical-free farming for their family’s use. As they gain experience and refine their methods, they can gradually expand to their entire farm. This step-by-step approach ensures a smooth transition to sustainable farming while minimising mistakes.

Farmers should also think about the legacy they’re leaving for future generations. Healthy, fertile soil is the greatest gift we can pass on. Imagine if our ancestors had left us barren land–what could we have grown? It’s our duty to protect and nurture the fertile soil we’ve inherited for those who come after us.

On a personal note, eating naturally grown fruits and vegetables has improved my health and cut down medical expenses. While natural farming might feel unfamiliar at first, its long-term benefits–better soil, improved health, and a sustainable future–make it worth the effort.